Direct–indirect · English

पूरा विषय — एक तस्वीर (बिलकुल शुरू से)

क्लर्क बोलता है, कॉमा में: “I am tired.” यह direct — उसके मुँह के शब्द। तुम रिपोर्ट करते हो: He said that he was tired. यह indirect (narration)। कॉमा हटते हैं, I → he, am → was क्योंकि said भूत है।

JA/CA-II कक्षा 10। पेपर: सही indirect चुनो; asked if या that; to go; the next day.

यह Active–passive नहीं — वहाँ कर्म आगे, यहाँ “कहा कि”। यह Tenses की नई घड़ी नहीं — सिर्फ़ रिपोर्ट में एक सीढ़ी पीछे। Determiners/tags अगली फाइल।

हाथ से कैसे सोचें — हर सवाल

कथन / प्रश्न / आज्ञा / विस्मय? that, if/wh, to, exclaimed.
Pronoun: बोलने वाला I→he/she; श्रोता you→I/he; we→they.
said past? tense और today/here खिसकाओ। says? मत खिसकाओ। सूरज उगता = मत खिसकाओ।

टिप: said to me = told me. He said me गलत। प्रश्न में did/that+if मत।

नीचे आठ घर। कहानी, कदम, क्या न करें, उदाहरण, अभ्यास।

भाषा: नोट्स हिंदी। सवाल और विकल्प अंग्रेज़ी। हल क्लिक के बाद हिंदी। सही जवाब हर बार (2) नहीं।

11.1 Direct और indirect क्या हैं

Direct: He said, “I am tired.” — inverted commas, अंदर वही शब्द।

Indirect: He said that he was tired. — commas नहीं, that/if/to, pronoun-tense बदले।

बाहर की क्रिया = reporting verb (said, told, asked)। अंदर = reported speech.

प्रकार	Indirect गोंद
कथन (statement)	that
हाँ-ना प्रश्न	if / whether
Wh- प्रश्न	what/where/why… (that मत)
आज्ञा	to / not to

said to me → told me (to हटा, tell + कर्म)।

क्या न करें:

He said me; He told to me; कथन में if; प्रश्न में that if.

उदाहरण: He said to me, “I am tired.” → He told me that he was tired.
told me + that + he was.
गलत: He said me that I am tired.

टिप: कॉमा दिखे = direct। that/if/to और कॉमा गायब = indirect.

अभ्यास — तीन भाग

सवाल और विकल्प अंग्रेज़ी में। क्लिक: सही हरा, बाकी लाल। हल हिंदी।

भाग 1 — Easy

Easy 1 Direct speech is usually marked by —

(1) inverted commas (2) a passive be + V3 only (3) an article (4) a preposition of place only

उत्तर: (1)
कैसे हल होता है: “I am tired.” कॉमा के अंदर = direct. Passive voice अलग फाइल।

Easy 2 In indirect speech we usually —

(1) keep the commas and add by (2) change only the article (3) drop the quotation marks and use that/if/to (4) add being

उत्तर: (3)
कैसे हल होता है: He said that he was tired. कॉमा हटते, that/if/to जुड़ते।

Easy 3 He said, “I am tired.” This is —

(1) indirect speech (2) passive voice (3) a question tag (4) direct speech

उत्तर: (4)
कैसे हल होता है: कॉमा + I am = direct. Indirect: He said that he was tired.

भाग 2 — Medium

Medium 1 The verb said/told/asked is called the —

(1) main modal (2) reporting verb (3) object of the preposition (4) question tag

उत्तर: (2)
कैसे हल होता है: said/told/asked बाहर = reporting. अंदर वाला reported।

Medium 2 After said, a statement often takes —

(1) that (2) if (3) to (4) whether

उत्तर: (1)
कैसे हल होता है: कथन: said that. प्रश्न: if/whether. आज्ञा: to.

Medium 3 Which is indirect?

(1) He said, “I am tired.” (2) He said, “He was tired.” (3) He said that he was tired. (4) “I am tired,” he said.

उत्तर: (3)
कैसे हल होता है: that + कॉमा नहीं = indirect.

भाग 3 — Hard

Hard 1 Which is incorrect as a reporting pattern for a statement?

(1) He said that he was tired. (2) He says that he is tired. (3) He said, “I am tired.” (4) He said I am tired.

उत्तर: (4)
कैसे हल होता है: said के बाद that + pronoun/tense बदलो। (कुछ बोलचाल that हटाती; कक्षा that+was चाहती।)

Hard 2 Narration / reported speech is about —

(1) only who does the action vs receives it (2) how we report someone’s words (3) only can/may/must (4) only a/an/the

उत्तर: (2)
कैसे हल होता है: Voice कर्म आगे; यहाँ कहा/कहा कि। Modals/articles अलग।

Hard 3 He said to me is often rewritten as —

(1) He told me (2) He said me (3) He told to me (4) He asked me that

उत्तर: (1)
कैसे हल होता है: say to → tell + object. said me / told to me गलत।

11.2 Pronoun — मैं, तुम, हम

बोलने वाले के हिसाब से घुमाओ, अपने I से नहीं:

बोलने वाला “I / my / we / our” → he/she/they (जो बोल रहा था)
श्रोता “you / your” → I/me/my अगर तुमसे कहा; he/him अगर तीसरे से

Ram said, “I am a clerk.” → Ram said that he was a clerk. (Ram का I)

He said to me, “You are late.” → He told me that I was late. (मेरा you)

I said, “I have done my duty.” → I said that I had done my duty. (रिपोर्टर वही व्यक्ति)

क्या न करें:

He said, “I am…” → that I was… (उसका I तुम्हारा नहीं)।

उदाहरण: They said, “We are ready.” → They said that they were ready.
We → they.
गलत: They said that we were ready. (जब they खुद बोल रहे हों)

टिप: उँगली: यह I किसका मुँह है? उसी का he/she लगाओ।

अभ्यास — तीन भाग

सवाल और विकल्प अंग्रेज़ी में। क्लिक: सही हरा, बाकी लाल। हल हिंदी।

भाग 1 — Easy

Easy 1 Ram said, “I am a clerk.” Indirect:

(1) Ram said that I was a clerk. (2) Ram said that he is a clerk. (3) Ram said that he was a clerk. (4) Ram said that I am a clerk.

उत्तर: (3)
कैसे हल होता है: I → he (Ram)। said past → am → was.

Easy 2 Sita said, “I like typing.” Indirect:

(1) Sita said that I liked typing. (2) Sita said that she likes typing. (3) Sita said that she like typing. (4) Sita said that she liked typing.

उत्तर: (4)
कैसे हल होता है: I → she. like → liked (said past).

Easy 3 He said to me, “You are late.” Indirect:

(1) He told me that you were late. (2) He told me that I was late. (3) He said me that I was late. (4) He told me that he was late.

उत्तर: (2)
कैसे हल होता है: You श्रोता me → I. are → was. said to me → told me.

भाग 2 — Medium

Medium 1 They said, “We are ready.” Indirect:

(1) They said that they were ready. (2) They said that we were ready. (3) They said that they are ready. (4) They said that we are ready.

उत्तर: (1)
कैसे हल होता है: We → they (बोलने वाले they)। are → were.

Medium 2 She said, “My file is ready.” Indirect:

(1) She said that my file was ready. (2) She said that her file is ready. (3) She said that her file was ready. (4) She said that your file was ready.

उत्तर: (3)
कैसे हल होता है: My → her. is → was.

Medium 3 I said, “I have done my duty.” Indirect:

(1) I said that I have done my duty. (2) I said that he had done his duty. (3) I said that I did my duty. (4) I said that I had done my duty.

उत्तर: (4)
कैसे हल होता है: बोलने वाला I ही → I रहता। have done → had done.

भाग 3 — Hard

Hard 1 Which is incorrect?

(1) He said that he was a clerk. (2) He said that I was a clerk. (3) She said that she was tired. (4) They said that they were ready.

उत्तर: (2)
कैसे हल होता है: उसका I → he, तुम्हारा I नहीं।

Hard 2 He said to her, “You have your pen.” Indirect:

(1) He told her that she had her pen. (2) He told her that you had your pen. (3) He told her that she has her pen. (4) He said her that she had her pen.

उत्तर: (1)
कैसे हल होता है: You/your → she/her (her को कहा)। have → had.

Hard 3 The clerk said, “Our office is closed.” Indirect:

(1) The clerk said that our office was closed. (2) The clerk said that their office is closed. (3) The clerk said that their office was closed. (4) The clerk said that your office was closed.

उत्तर: (3)
कैसे हल होता है: Our → their (clerk की टीम, reporter अलग)। is → was.

11.3 Tense — said के बाद एक सीढ़ी पीछे

Reporting said/told (past) हो तो अंदर:

Direct	Indirect
am/is/are ; V1/Vs	was/were ; V2
was/were ; V2	had been ; had + V3
has/have + V3	had + V3
will/can/may	would/could/might
is writing	was writing
was writing	had been writing

मत खिसकाओ: He says / say / will say — अंदर present रह सकता। सदा सत्य: The sun rises… rises रहता।

क्या न करें:

He said that he is tired (जब I am था)। He says that he was tired बिना वजह।
The earth moved round the sun रिपोर्ट में (सत्य)।

उदाहरण: He said, “I will come.” → He said that he would come.
will → would.
गलत: He said that he will come.

टिप: said देखो → घड़ी एक कदम पीछे। says देखो → घड़ी मत छेड़ो (pronoun फिर भी)।

अभ्यास — तीन भाग

सवाल और विकल्प अंग्रेज़ी में। क्लिक: सही हरा, बाकी लाल। हल हिंदी।

भाग 1 — Easy

Easy 1 If the reporting verb is in the past, the tense inside usually —

(1) stays present always (2) becomes future always (3) becomes passive always (4) moves one step back

उत्तर: (4)
कैसे हल होता है: said + present → past; past → past perfect. Voice नहीं।

Easy 2 He said, “I write letters.” Indirect:

(1) He said that he writes letters. (2) He said that he wrote letters. (3) He said that he had write letters. (4) He said that I wrote letters.

उत्तर: (2)
कैसे हल होता है: write → wrote. I → he.

Easy 3 He said, “I wrote a letter.” Indirect:

(1) He said that he had written a letter. (2) He said that he wrote a letter. (3) He said that he has written a letter. (4) He said that he writes a letter.

उत्तर: (1)
कैसे हल होता है: simple past → past perfect had + V3.

भाग 2 — Medium

Medium 1 He said, “I have typed the file.” Indirect:

(1) He said that he has typed the file. (2) He said that he typed the file. (3) He said that he had typed the file. (4) He said that he have typed the file.

उत्तर: (3)
कैसे हल होता है: present perfect → past perfect had typed.

Medium 2 He said, “I will come.” Indirect:

(1) He said that he will come. (2) He said that he should come. (3) He said that he comes. (4) He said that he would come.

उत्तर: (4)
कैसे हल होता है: will → would. Modals फाइल का would यहाँ narration से।

Medium 3 He said, “I can type.” Indirect:

(1) He said that he can type. (2) He said that he could type. (3) He said that he could to type. (4) He said that he typed.

उत्तर: (2)
कैसे हल होता है: can → could.

भाग 3 — Hard

Hard 1 Which does NOT change after said (Class-X)?

(1) The sun rises in the east. (2) I am tired. (3) I wrote a letter. (4) I will come.

उत्तर: (1)
कैसे हल होता है: सदा सत्य: rises रहता। बाकी backshift.

Hard 2 He says, “I am busy.” Indirect:

(1) He says that he was busy. (2) He said that he is busy. (3) He says that he is busy. (4) He says that I am busy.

उत्तर: (3)
कैसे हल होता है: says present → अंदर tense मत खिसकाओ। I → he.

Hard 3 She said, “I was typing.” Indirect:

(1) She said that she was typing. (2) She said that she has been typing. (3) She said that she is typing. (4) She said that she had been typing.

उत्तर: (4)
कैसे हल होता है: past continuous → past perfect continuous had been typing.

11.4 here, today, tomorrow

said past हो तो जगह/समय भी रिपोर्ट की दुनिया में:

Direct	Indirect
now	then
here	there
this / these	that / those
today / tonight	that day / that night
yesterday	the previous day / the day before
tomorrow	the next day / the following day
last week	the previous week
ago	before

क्या न करें:

tomorrow रखकर सिर्फ़ would लगाना जब पेपर the next day चाहे।

उदाहरण: She said, “I will come tomorrow.” → She said that she would come the next day.
would + the next day.
गलत: She said that she will come tomorrow.

टिप: now/here/today सूची से मिलाओ — एक अकेला शब्द मत छोड़ना।

अभ्यास — तीन भाग

सवाल और विकल्प अंग्रेज़ी में। क्लिक: सही हरा, बाकी लाल। हल हिंदी।

भाग 1 — Easy

Easy 1 He said, “I am going now.” Indirect:

(1) He said that he was going now. (2) He said that he was going then. (3) He said that he is going then. (4) He said that I was going now.

उत्तर: (2)
कैसे हल होता है: now → then. am going → was going.

Easy 2 She said, “I will come tomorrow.” Indirect:

(1) She said that she would come the next day. (2) She said that she would come tomorrow. (3) She said that she will come the next day. (4) She said that she would come yesterday.

उत्तर: (1)
कैसे हल होता है: tomorrow → the next day / the following day. will → would.

Easy 3 He said, “I saw him yesterday.” Indirect:

(1) He said that he had seen him yesterday. (2) He said that he saw him the previous day. (3) He said that he had seen him the previous day. (4) He said that he has seen him the previous day.

उत्तर: (3)
कैसे हल होता है: yesterday → the previous day / the day before. saw → had seen.

भाग 2 — Medium

Medium 1 They said, “We live here.” Indirect:

(1) They said that they lived here. (2) They said that they live there. (3) They said that we lived there. (4) They said that they lived there.

उत्तर: (4)
कैसे हल होता है: here → there. live → lived. We → they.

Medium 2 He said, “This is my file.” Indirect:

(1) He said that this was his file. (2) He said that that was his file. (3) He said that that is his file. (4) He said that this is my file.

उत्तर: (2)
कैसे हल होता है: this → that. is → was. my → his.

Medium 3 She said, “I came last week.” Indirect:

(1) She said that she had come the previous week. (2) She said that she had come last week. (3) She said that she came the previous week. (4) She said that she has come the previous week.

उत्तर: (1)
कैसे हल होता है: last week → the previous week. came → had come.

भाग 3 — Hard

Hard 1 Which pair is correct?

(1) today → tomorrow (2) here → here always (3) today → that day; tonight → that night (4) now → now always

उत्तर: (3)
कैसे हल होता है: समय/जगह के शब्द साथ खिसकते हैं।

Hard 2 He said, “I will see you tonight.” Indirect:

(1) He said that he would see you tonight. (2) He said that he will see me that night. (3) He said that he would see me tonight. (4) He said that he would see me that night.

उत्तर: (4)
कैसे हल होता है: you → me (अगर मुझसे कहा)। tonight → that night. will → would.

Hard 3 Ram said, “I am coming today.” Indirect:

(1) Ram said that he was coming today. (2) Ram said that he was coming that day. (3) Ram said that he is coming that day. (4) Ram said that I was coming that day.

उत्तर: (2)
कैसे हल होता है: today → that day. am coming → was coming.

11.5 प्रश्न — asked if, asked where

reporting अक्सर asked (said मत छोड़ो प्रश्न पर)।

हाँ/ना (Are/Do/Have/Can…): asked if/whether + कर्ता + क्रिया। ? और do/did हटते।

He said, “Are you ready?” → He asked if I was ready.

Wh- (what, where, why, when, how): asked + wh + कर्ता + क्रिया (प्रश्न उल्टा क्रम मत)।

“Where do you live?” → asked where I lived. (where did I live गलत)

क्या न करें:

asked that… ; asked that if… ; asked where did I… ; told for a question.

उदाहरण: She said to him, “What is your name?” → She asked him what his name was.
asked + what + his name + was.
गलत: She asked him what was his name. She asked that what…

टिप: हाँ-ना → if. Wh शब्द रहो, फिर साधारण वाक्य जैसा क्रम।

अभ्यास — तीन भाग

सवाल और विकल्प अंग्रेज़ी में। क्लिक: सही हरा, बाकी लाल। हल हिंदी।

भाग 1 — Easy

Easy 1 He said, “Are you ready?” Indirect:

(1) He asked if I was ready. (2) He asked that I was ready. (3) He said if I was ready. (4) He asked if you were ready.

उत्तर: (1)
कैसे हल होता है: हाँ-ना प्रश्न: asked if/whether. Are you → I was (मुझसे)। that मत।

Easy 2 She said, “Do you type?” Indirect:

(1) She asked that I typed. (2) She asked did I type. (3) She asked if I typed. (4) She asked if you typed.

उत्तर: (3)
कैसे हल होता है: Do you type → if I typed. did मत रखो अंदर।

Easy 3 He said, “Where do you live?” Indirect:

(1) He asked where did I live. (2) He asked that where I lived. (3) He asked where you lived. (4) He asked where I lived.

उत्तर: (4)
कैसे हल होता है: Wh- प्रश्न: asked + wh + कर्ता + क्रिया (did हटा, tense खिसका)।

भाग 2 — Medium

Medium 1 She said to him, “What is your name?” Indirect:

(1) She asked him what was his name. (2) She asked him what his name was. (3) She asked him that what his name was. (4) She told him what his name was.

उत्तर: (2)
कैसे हल होता है: what + his name + was (कथन क्रम, प्रश्न क्रम मत)। told कथन के लिए।

Medium 2 He said, “Why are you late?” Indirect:

(1) He asked why I was late. (2) He asked why was I late. (3) He asked that why I was late. (4) He asked why you were late.

उत्तर: (1)
कैसे हल होता है: why + I + was. was I मत।

Medium 3 They said, “Have you finished?” Indirect:

(1) They asked if I have finished. (2) They asked that I had finished. (3) They asked if I had finished. (4) They asked have I finished.

उत्तर: (3)
कैसे हल होता है: Have you finished present perfect → if I had finished.

भाग 3 — Hard

Hard 1 Which is incorrect?

(1) He asked if I was ready. (2) He asked whether I was ready. (3) He asked where I lived. (4) He asked that if I was ready.

उत्तर: (4)
कैसे हल होता है: that + if दो गोंद मत।

Hard 2 The officer said, “When will you come?” Indirect:

(1) The officer asked when would I come. (2) The officer asked when I would come. (3) The officer asked when I will come. (4) The officer told when I would come.

उत्तर: (2)
कैसे हल होता है: will → would. when + I + would come.

Hard 3 She said, “Can you help me?” Indirect:

(1) She asked if I could help her. (2) She asked if I can help her. (3) She asked that I could help her. (4) She asked if you could help me.

उत्तर: (1)
कैसे हल होता है: Can you → if I could. me → her.

11.6 आज्ञा और विनती — to / not to

Go home. → told/ordered + कर्म + to go home.

Please wait. → requested + to wait.

Do not touch. → told + not to touch / forbade + to touch (forbade के साथ not मत).

सलाह: advised me not to waste time. कड़ा: ordered him to get out.

क्या न करें:

told me go (to गायब)। said me to go। don’t रखकर पूरा indirect न बनाना।

उदाहरण: He said to me, “Please help me.” → He requested me to help him.
requested + to + help him.
गलत: He requested me help him. He told me please help.

टिप: Please = requested. साधारण आज्ञा = told/ordered + to. मत = not to.

अभ्यास — तीन भाग

सवाल और विकल्प अंग्रेज़ी में। क्लिक: सही हरा, बाकी लाल। हल हिंदी।

भाग 1 — Easy

Easy 1 He said to me, “Go home.” Indirect:

(1) He told me go home. (2) He said me to go home. (3) He told me to go home. (4) He asked me go home.

उत्तर: (3)
कैसे हल होता है: आज्ञा: told/ordered + object + to + V1.

Easy 2 She said to him, “Please wait.” Indirect:

(1) She told him wait. (2) She requested him wait. (3) She asked him that wait. (4) She requested him to wait.

उत्तर: (4)
कैसे हल होता है: Please → requested + to + V1.

Easy 3 He said, “Do not touch the files.” Indirect:

(1) He told me to not touch the files. (2) He told me not to touch the files. (3) He told me don’t touch the files. (4) He said not touch the files.

उत्तर: (2)
कैसे हल होता है: मनाही: not to + V1. forbade + to (not मत दोहराओ forbade के साथ कक्षा में)।

भाग 2 — Medium

Medium 1 The teacher said, “Sit down.” Indirect:

(1) The teacher ordered them to sit down. (2) The teacher said sit down. (3) The teacher ordered that sit down. (4) The teacher asked to sitting down.

उत्तर: (1)
कैसे हल होता है: Sit down → to sit down.

Medium 2 Mother said, “Do not waste time.” Indirect:

(1) Mother advised me to not waste time. (2) Mother told don’t waste time. (3) Mother advised me not to waste time. (4) Mother said that not waste time.

उत्तर: (3)
कैसे हल होता है: सलाह + मनाही: advised + not to.

Medium 3 He said to her, “Please help me.” Indirect:

(1) He requested her help him. (2) He told her please help him. (3) He asked her that help him. (4) He requested her to help him.

उत्तर: (4)
कैसे हल होता है: me → him. requested her to help him.

भाग 3 — Hard

Hard 1 Which is incorrect?

(1) He told me to go home. (2) He told me go home. (3) She requested him to wait. (4) He ordered them to sit down.

उत्तर: (2)
कैसे हल होता है: to गायब।

Hard 2 The officer said, “Get out.” Indirect:

(1) The officer ordered him to get out. (2) The officer requested him to get out. (3) The officer asked if he got out. (4) The officer said that get out.

उत्तर: (1)
कैसे हल होता है: कड़ा आदेश ordered, requested नहीं।

Hard 3 He said, “Always speak the truth.” Indirect:

(1) He told me always speak the truth. (2) He said that always speak. (3) He advised me always to speak the truth. (4) He asked me always speak.

उत्तर: (3)
कैसे हल होता है: आदत-सलाह advised + to + V1.

11.7 विस्मय, आशीष, Let us

What a fine file! → exclaimed (with joy) that it was a (very) fine file.

Alas! I am ruined. → exclaimed with sorrow that she was ruined. Hurrah → joy.

May you live long! → prayed/wished that I might live long.

Good morning, sir. → wished him good morning / respectfully wished.

Let us start. → suggested/proposed that they should start. (आदेश नहीं)

क्या न करें:

विस्मय पर asked. Alas पर with joy. Let us पर ordered.

उदाहरण: They said, “Hurrah! We have won.” → They exclaimed with joy that they had won.
joy + had won.
गलत: They asked that they had won.

टिप: ! देखो → exclaimed/wished/prayed. Let us → suggested should.

अभ्यास — तीन भाग

सवाल और विकल्प अंग्रेज़ी में। क्लिक: सही हरा, बाकी लाल। हल हिंदी।

भाग 1 — Easy

Easy 1 He said, “What a fine file!” Indirect:

(1) He asked what a fine file was. (2) He told that what a fine file. (3) He said what a fine file. (4) He exclaimed that it was a fine file.

उत्तर: (4)
कैसे हल होता है: विस्मय: exclaimed that + कथन. what a → very/a fine.

Easy 2 She said, “Alas! I am ruined.” Indirect:

(1) She asked that she was ruined. (2) She exclaimed with sorrow that she was ruined. (3) She told with sorrow she is ruined. (4) She exclaimed with joy that she was ruined.

उत्तर: (2)
कैसे हल होता है: Alas → sorrow, न कि joy. am → was. I → she.

Easy 3 He said, “May you live long!” Indirect:

(1) He prayed that I might live long. (2) He asked that I might live long. (3) He told me live long. (4) He said I may live long.

उत्तर: (1)
कैसे हल होता है: आशीष: prayed/wished + might. May you → I might (मुझसे)।

भाग 2 — Medium

Medium 1 They said, “Hurrah! We have won.” Indirect:

(1) They exclaimed with sorrow that they had won. (2) They asked that they had won. (3) They exclaimed with joy that they had won. (4) They said hurrah they have won.

उत्तर: (3)
कैसे हल होता है: Hurrah → joy. have won → had won. We → they.

Medium 2 He said, “Good morning, sir.” Indirect:

(1) He told good morning sir. (2) He asked good morning. (3) He exclaimed that good morning. (4) He wished the officer good morning.

उत्तर: (4)
कैसे हल होता है: अभिवादन wished. sir → the officer / respectfully.

Medium 3 He said, “Let us start.” Indirect:

(1) He ordered that they should start. (2) He suggested that they should start. (3) He asked let us start. (4) He told to start us.

उत्तर: (2)
कैसे हल होता है: Let us → suggested/proposed + should. ordered कड़ा।

भाग 3 — Hard

Hard 1 Which reporting verb fits “Please”?

(1) requested (2) ordered (3) exclaimed with sorrow (4) forbade

उत्तर: (1)
कैसे हल होता है: Please = requested. Get out = ordered.

Hard 2 She said, “How clever you are!” Indirect:

(1) She asked how clever I was (2) She told how clever you are. (3) She exclaimed that I was very clever. (4) She exclaimed how I am clever.

उत्तर: (3)
कैसे हल होता है: How + adj → very + adj. you → I. are → was.

Hard 3 He said, “God save the king.” Indirect:

(1) He ordered God to save the king. (2) He asked that God saved the king. (3) He said God save the king without change. (4) He prayed that God might save the king.

उत्तर: (4)
कैसे हल होता है: प्रार्थना prayed + might + V1.

11.8 जाल — say/tell, yes/no, must, shall I

say to me = tell me. said me गलत। told to me गलत। said to me चलता।
Yes → replied in the affirmative / agreed. No → in the negative.
सदा सत्य: The earth moves — said के बाद भी moves.
must → often had to (ज़रूरत रिपोर्ट)। ought to/should/would/could/might अक्सर वही।
Shall I open…? → asked if she should open (प्रस्ताव, will नहीं).

क्या न करें:

musted. asked that if. He said me. पृथ्वी moved.

उदाहरण: He said, “No, I am not ready.” → He replied in the negative that he was not ready.
negative + he was.
गलत: He said no I am not ready.

टिप: tell के बाद व्यक्ति। प्रश्न if/wh। सत्य present। Shall I → should.

अभ्यास — तीन भाग

सवाल और विकल्प अंग्रेज़ी में। क्लिक: सही हरा, बाकी लाल। हल हिंदी।

भाग 1 — Easy

Easy 1 Choose the correct pair.

(1) say me → tell to me (2) say to me → tell me; said to her → told her (3) tell to him → say him (4) asked to me → said me

उत्तर: (2)
कैसे हल होता है: tell + object, to मत। say to → tell.

Easy 2 He said, “Yes.” / He said, “I will help you.” Indirect of yes-help:

(1) He replied in the affirmative and said that he would help me. (2) He said yes he will help you. (3) He told yes. (4) He asked in the affirmative.

उत्तर: (1)
कैसे हल होता है: Yes → replied in the affirmative / agreed. will → would.

Easy 3 He said, “No, I am not ready.” Indirect:

(1) He said no I am not ready. (2) He asked that he was not ready. (3) He replied in the negative that he was not ready. (4) He told no.

उत्तर: (3)
कैसे हल होता है: No → in the negative. am → was. I → he.

भाग 2 — Medium

Medium 1 The teacher said, “The earth moves round the sun.” Indirect:

(1) The teacher said that the earth moved round the sun. (2) The teacher said that the earth had moved round the sun. (3) The teacher said the earth move round the sun. (4) The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.

उत्तर: (4)
कैसे हल होता है: सदा सत्य: moves मत खिसकाओ।

Medium 2 She said, “I must go.” Indirect (Class-X often):

(1) She said that she musted go. (2) She said that she had to go. (3) She said that she has to go. (4) She said that she should must go.

उत्तर: (2)
कैसे हल होता है: must → had to (जब ज़रूरत अतीत में रिपोर्ट हो) या must रहता कुछ किताबें। musted गलत।

Medium 3 He said, “I ought to wait.” Indirect:

(1) He said that he ought to wait. (2) He said that he oughted to wait. (3) He said that he should to wait. (4) He said that he must to wait.

उत्तर: (1)
कैसे हल होता है: ought to / should / would / could / might अक्सर ज्यों के त्यों (could already past)।

भाग 3 — Hard

Hard 1 Which is incorrect?

(1) He told me that he was tired. (2) He said that he was tired. (3) He said me that he was tired. (4) He said to me that he was tired.

उत्तर: (3)
कैसे हल होता है: said me गलत। said to me या told me।

Hard 2 Ram said, “I am leaving tonight.” If reported the same day, some books keep tonight. Usual Class-X shift:

(1) Ram said that he is leaving tonight. (2) Ram said that he was leaving tonight. (3) Ram said that I was leaving that night. (4) Ram said that he was leaving that night.

उत्तर: (4)
कैसे हल होता है: कक्षा: tonight → that night. am → was. I → he.

Hard 3 She asked, “Shall I open the window?” Indirect:

(1) She asked if I shall open the window. (2) She asked if she should open the window. (3) She told if she should open. (4) She asked that she should open the window.

उत्तर: (2)
कैसे हल होता है: Shall I प्रस्ताव → if she should. that मत।

आठ घर — एक नज़र

Direct कॉमा; indirect that/if/to; said to → told; reporting verb.
I→he/she; you→श्रोता; we→they; my→his/her; I said I रहता।
said → backshift; says नहीं; will→would, can→could; सूरज rises.
now/then, here/there, today/that day, tomorrow/the next day, this/that.
asked if/whether; asked + wh + कर्ता + क्रिया; that if मत; did मत अंदर।
told/ordered to; requested to; not to / forbade; advised.
exclaimed joy/sorrow; wished/prayed might; Let us suggested should.
said me गलत; yes/no affirmative-negative; must→had to; Shall I→should.

बाकी नाम: mixed questions with or, one-word answers विस्तार, sequence of tenses अपवाद (still true), reporting in present perfect — अपनी जगह। अगली फाइल Determiners / question tags.

टिप: अगला विषय सूची में Determiners / question tags है। Chrome/Edge में खोलो (:has)। यह Voice या Tenses का नया काल नहीं।