Junior Assistant / Commercial Assistant-II · RVUN/Rectt.-2026-27/03 · English
Active–Passive
तस्वीर पलटो — कर्ता आगे या कर्म आगे। be + V3, by, being, been, can be. Tense नया नहीं, कपड़ा पलटना है।
पूरा विषय — एक तस्वीर (बिलकुल शुरू से)
सिता पत्र लिखती है। कैमरा सिता पर = active: Sita writes a letter. कैमरा पत्र पर = passive: A letter is written by Sita. मतलब वही काम, आगे कौन खड़ा है। Passive की हड्डी: be + V3 (is written, was typed, will be sent, can be done)।
JA/CA-II कक्षा 10। पेपर: दिए वाक्य का passive चुनो; by किसे; being कब; Let the door…?
यह Tenses की नई घड़ी नहीं — जो काल active में है वही passive में be के रूप से। यह Modals का नया शब्द नहीं — can के बाद be + V3। Direct–indirect अगली फाइल (कहा/कहा कि)।
हाथ से कैसे सोचें — हर सवाल
- कर्म खोजो (पत्र, फाइल)। उसे कर्ता बनाओ।
- काल देखो: present is/are; past was/were; continuous being; perfect been; will/can + be.
- V3 लगाओ (written/typed/done)। कर्ता by से पीछे, या हटा दो अगर someone/people.
नीचे आठ घर। कहानी, कदम, क्या न करें, उदाहरण, अभ्यास।
भाषा: नोट्स हिंदी। सवाल और विकल्प अंग्रेज़ी। हल क्लिक के बाद हिंदी। सही जवाब हर बार (2) नहीं।
10.1 Voice क्या चीज़ है
Active: कर्ता काम करता है — The clerk typed the file.
Passive: कर्म काम सहता है — The file was typed (by the clerk).
ढाँचा: नया कर्ता + be (काल के हिसाब से) + V3 + (by + पुराना कर्ता)।
V3 रटो: write–wrote–written, type–typed–typed, do–did–done, steal–stole–stolen, speak–spoke–spoken.
क्या न करें:
- be हटाकर सिर्फ़ written by Sita को पूरा वाक्य मानना।
- by के बाद I/he — by me/him/her/them/us.
letter आगे; is + written; by Sita.
गलत: A letter is wrote by Sita. A letter written by Sita. (be गायब)
अभ्यास — तीन भाग
सवाल और विकल्प अंग्रेज़ी में। क्लिक: सही हरा, बाकी लाल। हल हिंदी।
भाग 1 — Easy
Easy 1 In the active voice, the subject is usually the —
कैसे हल होता है: Active: Sita writes a letter — Sita करती है. Passive में letter आगे, काम सहता है.
Easy 2 A passive verb is typically —
कैसे हल होता है: is written, was typed, will be sent = be + V3. Tense कपड़ा be पर, V3 स्थिर.
Easy 3 “A letter is written by Sita.” This sentence is —
कैसे हल होता है: is written + by Sita = passive. Active: Sita writes a letter.
भाग 2 — Medium
Medium 1 Object of the active often becomes the ______ of the passive.
कैसे हल होता है: writes a letter → A letter is written. कर्म कर्ता बनता है.
Medium 2 The doer in the passive is often shown by —
कैसे हल होता है: by Sita. with औज़ार (with a pen) — Preposition घर.
Medium 3 Which sentence is active?
कैसे हल होता है: clerk कर्ता आगे, typed बिना be+V3 ढाँचे के मुख्य।
भाग 3 — Hard
Hard 1 Which is incorrect as a passive pattern?
कैसे हल होता है: passive में be चाहिए: is/was/will be + written.
Hard 2 Voice is about —
कैसे हल होता है: समय Tenses; यहाँ तस्वीर पलटना. Articles/conjunction अलग.
Hard 3 V3 of write is —
कैसे हल होता है: passive: is written. wrote past active. writing continuous.
10.2 Simple present और past
| Active | Passive |
|---|---|
| writes / type / does | is / are / am + V3 |
| wrote / typed / did | was / were + V3 |
I → by me, she → by her, they → by them, we → by us, he → by him.
नया कर्ता एकवचन/बहुवचन से is/are, was/were चुनो — पुराने कर्ता से नहीं। They type the files → The files are typed.
People speak Hindi → Hindi is spoken (by people अक्सर हटा)। Someone stole my bag → My bag was stolen.
क्या न करें:
- writes का past was written जब active present हो — काल मत बदलो।
- is writing को simple समझना (वह being घर)।
was + typed.
गलत: The letter is typed by Ram. (अगर active past था)
अभ्यास — तीन भाग
सवाल और विकल्प अंग्रेज़ी में। क्लिक: सही हरा, बाकी लाल। हल हिंदी।
भाग 1 — Easy
Easy 1 Sita writes a letter. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: simple present: is/are/am + V3. writes → is written. letter एकवचन is.
Easy 2 They type the files. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: files बहुवचन are + typed. them = they object.
Easy 3 Ram typed the letter. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: simple past: was/were + V3. typed → was typed.
भाग 2 — Medium
Medium 1 The clerks typed the letters. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: letters बहुवचन were. Present are नहीं जब active past हो.
Medium 2 She does not write poems. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: does not write present → are not written. her = she.
Medium 3 He wrote those files. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: wrote past, files plural → were written. him.
भाग 3 — Hard
Hard 1 Which is the correct passive of “I clean the desk.”?
कैसे हल होता है: clean present → is cleaned (V3). clean adjective अलग. me = I.
Hard 2 People speak Hindi here. Passive (no agent needed):
कैसे हल होता है: people अनिश्चित → by people अक्सर हटाओ. speak → spoken. present is.
Hard 3 Someone stole my bag. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: stole past → was stolen. someone हटा सकते हो.
10.3 Continuous — being
काम अभी चल रहा / तब चल रहा था:
- is/are/am typing → is/are/am being typed
- was/were typing → was/were being typed
being के बिना is typed = आदत/साधारण (घर 2)। being = चल रहा है।
प्रश्न: Is she typing the letter? → Is the letter being typed by her?
क्या न करें:
- is been typed; is being write; being के बिना जब -ing active हो।
is being + V3.
गलत: The road is repaired. (अगर मतलब “अभी मरम्मत चल रही”)
अभ्यास — तीन भाग
सवाल और विकल्प अंग्रेज़ी में। क्लिक: सही हरा, बाकी लाल। हल हिंदी।
भाग 1 — Easy
Easy 1 She is typing a letter. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: present continuous: is/are/am + being + V3. is typing → is being typed.
Easy 2 They are repairing the road. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: is being repaired. agent they हटा सकते।
Easy 3 He was typing the file. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: past continuous: was/were + being + V3.
भाग 2 — Medium
Medium 1 The boys were flying kites. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: were flying → were being flown (fly-flew-flown).
Medium 2 Is she typing the letter? Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: Is + object + being + V3 + by…? प्रश्न is आगे रहता।
Medium 3 They are not painting the wall. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: are not painting → is not being painted.
भाग 3 — Hard
Hard 1 Which is incorrect?
कैसे हल होता है: being + V3 written, write गलत।
Hard 2 We are expecting good news. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: news singular is. expecting → being expected.
Hard 3 The clerk was not signing the papers. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: papers plural were not being signed. past continuous पूरा।
10.4 Perfect — been
हो चुका:
- has/have typed → has/have been typed (नया कर्ता से has/have)
- had typed → had been typed
They have finished the work → The work has been finished. (work एक)
Has she cooked food? → Has food been cooked by her?
क्या न करें:
- has been wrote; has typed by her (been गायब); have जब नया कर्ता एकवचन हो।
has been + V3.
गलत: The letter has typed by her. The letter has been wrote.
अभ्यास — तीन भाग
सवाल और विकल्प अंग्रेज़ी में। क्लिक: सही हरा, बाकी लाल। हल हिंदी।
भाग 1 — Easy
Easy 1 She has typed the letter. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: present perfect: has/have + been + V3. has typed → has been typed.
Easy 2 They have finished the work. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: work singular has been. they have → has (नया कर्ता work).
Easy 3 He had written the file. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: past perfect: had + been + V3.
भाग 2 — Medium
Medium 1 We have not posted the letter. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: have not posted present perfect → has not been posted.
Medium 2 Have they closed the gate? Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: gate singular Has + been + V3.
Medium 3 Someone has stolen my pen. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: has stolen → has been stolen. someone हटाओ.
भाग 3 — Hard
Hard 1 Which is incorrect?
कैसे हल होता है: V3 written, wrote past active.
Hard 2 I have done my duty. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: have done → has been done (duty singular).
Hard 3 They had not invited us. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: had not invited → had not been invited. us → we.
10.5 Future और modals — be + V3
will/shall + type → will/shall + be + typed
can/may/must/should/could/might/ought to + V1 → वही modal + be + V3
He can do this → This can be done by him. (can को could मत बनाओ बिना वजह)
ought to type → ought to be typed (to रहता है — Modals फाइल)
क्या न करें:
- will typed; can done; will be wrote; must obey बिना be जब passive हो।
must be + V3.
गलत: The rules must obeyed. The letter will be wrote.
अभ्यास — तीन भाग
सवाल और विकल्प अंग्रेज़ी में। क्लिक: सही हरा, बाकी लाल। हल हिंदी।
भाग 1 — Easy
Easy 1 She will type the letter. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: future: will + be + V3. would तभी जब active would हो।
Easy 2 They will not open the shop. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: will not be + V3 opened.
Easy 3 He can do this work. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: modal + be + V3. can stays can. could अलग वाक्य।
भाग 2 — Medium
Medium 1 You must obey the rules. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: must + be + V3. should तभी जब active should.
Medium 2 She may finish the file. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: may + be + V3. might अलग।
Medium 3 They should help the poor. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: should + be + V3. the poor = लोग (SVA/articles झलक).
भाग 3 — Hard
Hard 1 Which is incorrect?
कैसे हल होता है: will be + V3 written.
Hard 2 We shall inform him. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: shall/will + be + informed. him → he.
Hard 3 You ought to type this. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: ought to + be + V3. to रहता है (Modals).
10.6 प्रश्न और who/whom
सहायक आगे रहता है:
- Did she type the letter? → Was the letter typed by her?
- Do they close the gate? → Is the gate closed by them?
- When will they post it? → When will the letter be posted?
Who कर्ता था → By whom + was/were/is + V3: Who wrote this? → By whom was this written?
What कर्म था → What आगे: What did he steal? → What was stolen by him?
क्या न करें:
- Did the letter typed; By whom this was written (सहायक क्रम); Who was this written बिना by.
Why + was + he + V3.
गलत: Why did he punished by them?
अभ्यास — तीन भाग
सवाल और विकल्प अंग्रेज़ी में। क्लिक: सही हरा, बाकी लाल। हल हिंदी।
भाग 1 — Easy
Easy 1 Did she type the letter? Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: Did + V1 past → Was/Were + subject + V3. Did she type → Was the letter typed.
Easy 2 Do they close the gate? Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: Do they close present → Is/Are + V3. gate singular Is.
Easy 3 Who wrote this letter? Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: Who कर्ता → By whom + was/were + V3. Narration नहीं, voice.
भाग 2 — Medium
Medium 1 What did he steal? Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: What कर्म रहा आगे; did steal past → was stolen.
Medium 2 Why did they punish him? Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: Why सहायक आगे रहता। punish past → was punished. him → he.
Medium 3 Does she help the poor? Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: the poor plural are. Does she help present.
भाग 3 — Hard
Hard 1 Which is incorrect?
कैसे हल होता है: typed V3, type गलत।
Hard 2 When will they post the letter? Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: will प्रश्न में आगे; be + V3. when will + subject + be + V3.
Hard 3 Has she cooked food? Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: Has + new subject + been + V3.
10.7 दो कर्म, with, someone
give/offer/teach/send: दो चीज़ें — व्यक्ति और वस्तु। दो passive:
She gave me a pen.
- I was given a pen by her. (व्यक्ति आगे, to मत)
- A pen was given to me by her. (चीज़ आगे, to + व्यक्ति)
औज़ार: cut with a knife — with, by a knife मत (by आदमी)।
someone/people/they अनिश्चित → by हटा सकते: My bag was stolen.
elect/make/appoint + पद: He was elected captain. He was made chairman.
क्या न करें:
- A pen was given me (to गायब — परीक्षा कमज़ोर)। I was given to a pen.
- The paper was cut by a knife जब मतलब औज़ार हो।
we आगे; were taught; English बिना to.
गलत: English were taught us. (English एक, was taught to us दूसरा रास्ता)
अभ्यास — तीन भाग
सवाल और विकल्प अंग्रेज़ी में। क्लिक: सही हरा, बाकी लाल। हल हिंदी।
भाग 1 — Easy
Easy 1 She gave me a pen. Passive (I in front):
कैसे हल होता है: दो कर्म: I was given a pen / A pen was given to me. gave → was given.
Easy 2 She gave me a pen. Passive (pen in front):
कैसे हल होता है: चीज़ आगे तो to + व्यक्ति: given to me.
Easy 3 They offered him a job. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: व्यक्ति आगे: He was offered a job. Job आगे: A job was offered to him.
भाग 2 — Medium
Medium 1 The clerk cut the paper with a knife. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: औज़ार with; एजेंट by the clerk (हटा भी सकते). by a knife कक्षा काटती।
Medium 2 Someone killed the tiger. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: someone/people अक्सर by हटाओ: was killed.
Medium 3 We elected him captain. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: He was elected captain. (object complement).
भाग 3 — Hard
Hard 1 Which is preferred?
कैसे हल होता है: चीज़ आगे → given to me.
Hard 2 The teacher taught us English. Passive (we in front):
कैसे हल होता है: us → we were taught English.
Hard 3 They made him chairman. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: make + object + complement → He was made chairman.
10.8 आज्ञा, अकर्मक, it is time
आज्ञा: Open the door. → Let the door be opened.
Please wait. → You are requested to wait.
Do not touch. → Let the files not be touched. / Let not the files be touched.
अकर्मक (object नहीं): The sun rises. He died of fever. — passive नहीं (कक्षा 10)।
It is time to close the shop. → It is time for the shop to be closed.
Who can do this? → By whom can this be done?
One should keep one’s word. → One’s word should be kept.
क्या न करें:
- Let the door opened (be गायब)। The sun is risen by…
- He was died. (die अकर्मक)
Let + कर्म + be + V3.
गलत: Let the door opened. The door is open as the only voice change (open adjective अलग)।
अभ्यास — तीन भाग
सवाल और विकल्प अंग्रेज़ी में। क्लिक: सही हरा, बाकी लाल। हल हिंदी।
भाग 1 — Easy
Easy 1 Open the door. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: आज्ञा: Let + object + be + V3. Open → Let the door be opened.
Easy 2 Please help me. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: Please → You are requested to + V1.
Easy 3 Do not touch the files. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: मनाही: Let + object + not + be + V3.
भाग 2 — Medium
Medium 1 Who can do this? Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: modal प्रश्न: By whom + modal + subject + be + V3.
Medium 2 The sun rises in the east. Voice:
कैसे हल होता है: object नहीं → passive नहीं. rise अकर्मक.
Medium 3 He died of fever. Voice:
कैसे हल होता है: die अकर्मक; of fever कारण, कर्म नहीं।
भाग 3 — Hard
Hard 1 Which is incorrect?
कैसे हल होता है: be गायब: Let the door be opened.
Hard 2 It is time to close the shop. Passive (Class-X):
कैसे हल होता है: to + V1 → for + object + to be + V3.
Hard 3 One should keep one’s word. Passive:
कैसे हल होता है: should + be + V3. one अनिश्चित कर्ता हटा/रह।
आठ घर — एक नज़र
- Active कर्ता-काम; passive be+V3; by एजेंट; V3 written/done.
- present is/are + V3; past was/were + V3; them/her/me; people हटा सकते।
- -ing → being + V3; is been मत।
- has/have/had + been + V3; नया कर्ता से has/have.
- will/can/must/should/ought to + be + V3; काल मत बदलो।
- प्रश्न सहायक आगे; Who → By whom; What कर्म आगे रह सकता।
- दो कर्म: I was given / A pen was given to me; with औज़ार; elect captain.
- Let … be + V3; please → requested to; अकर्मक नहीं; it is time for … to be.
बाकी नाम: get-passive (got broken), have something done, infinitive complex, verbs of perception (seen to enter) — अपनी जगह। Direct–indirect अगली फाइल।
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