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Tenses notes

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Tenses is a topic in English General (Grammar + language) for RVUN JA / CA-II (RVUN/Rectt.-2026-27/03).

English grammar, Class-X. Verb ka time + aspect . Parts of speech peeche (job). Articles aage (a/an/the). Voice, narration, modals apne pages. Hindi…

Topic kya maangta hai

Paper fill-in maangta hai: blank mein has gone ya went? Identify: ye present perfect continuous hai ya past perfect? Pooche kab + kaisa aspect — khatam, chal raha, pehle-se-ab-tak. Word ka naam (gerund/adverb) parts of speech pe. is written ka passive dhancha voice pe.

Yahan padhna

Teen times × chaar aspects = 12. Formula, use, signal words. + / − / ? He-writes. Present perfect vs simple past. Since/for/ago. Been vs gone. Stative verbs. Will vs going to vs timetable present. Past perfect (pehle wala past). Time clause mein present, will nahi. used to. How long…?

Yahan mat ghusana

Slowly / herself / on the table — POS. A/an/the — agla articles. Can/must — modals. Was written by — voice. He said that he was — narration (backshift). Each of the boys is — SVA (He go / He goes yahan tense-s, agreement poora agla). Hindi ता/रहा/चुका/गा — काल.

Ek line: Tense = clock (present/past/future) + camera (simple / chal raha / result / kitni der se chal raha).

Barah dabbe — formula rat lo

V1 = go, V2 = went, V3 = gone, V-ing = going. He/she/it ke present simple pe V1+s/es.

SimpleContinuousPerfectPerfect continuous
Present V1 / Vs
He writes		 am/is/are + V-ing
He is writing		 has/have + V3
He has written		 has/have been + V-ing
He has been writing
Past V2
He wrote		 was/were + V-ing
He was writing		 had + V3
He had written		 had been + V-ing
He had been writing
Future will + V1
He will write		 will be + V-ing
He will be writing		 will have + V3
He will have written		 will have been + V-ing
He will have been writing

Shall I/we ke saath formal future; paper will bhi accept karta. Going to alag structure hai, 12-box ke bahar ka rozmarra future — neeche future section.

Teen shapes — + / − / ?

Har tense ke teen chehre. Helping verb hi na aur sawal ghumaati hai. Do/does/did tab jab simple tense mein helping nahi dikhe.

TenseAffirmativeNegativeQuestion
Present simpleHe writes.He does not write.Does he write?
Present continuousHe is writing.He is not writing.Is he writing?
Present perfectHe has written.He has not written.Has he written?
Past simpleHe wrote. / He did write (zor)He did not write. (V1, V2 nahi)Did he write?
Past continuousHe was writing.He was not writing.Was he writing?
Past perfectHe had written.He had not written.Had he written?
Future simpleHe will write.He will not write.Will he write?
Did ke baad V2 mat. Did he went? galat. Did he go? V1. He does not writes galat — does ke baad writes nahi, write.

Present — ab, aadat, result, kitni der

Present simple

Aadat, fact, timetable, commentary. He/she/it → writes, goes, watches, flies, does, has. I/you/we/they → write.

  • Habits: She drinks tea every morning. (always, usually, often, never, every day)
  • Truth: The sun rises in the east. Water boils at 100°C.
  • Schedule even future: The train leaves at 6 p.m. tomorrow.
  • State: I know the answer. (stative — neeche)

Present continuous

Abhi chal raha, temporary, irritate (always + -ing), future arrangement (plan + time).

  • Look! It is raining. (now / now-words: now, at the moment, currently)
  • She is staying with her aunt this week. (temporary)
  • I am meeting the doctor tomorrow. (diary plan — will se alag)
  • He is always losing his keys. (complaint)

Present perfect

Past action, time nahi kata; ab ke saath link. Result ab dikhe. Life-experience. Since/for (ab tak). Just / already / yet / ever / never / so far / recently / lately.

  • She has lived here since 2010. (ab bhi yahan)
  • I have just finished.
  • Have you ever seen a tiger?
  • He has gone to Delhi. (ab wahan / raste mein — neeche been vs gone)

Present perfect continuous

Kitni der se chal raha, ab bhi ya abhi-abhi. How long + since/for. Garmi/thakaan dikhe.

  • He has been writing for two hours.
  • It has been raining since morning.
  • Your eyes are red. Have you been crying?

PP vs PPC: I have written three letters (kitni — result ginti). I have been writing letters (kaam ki lambai). Paper ginti dikhe to aksar PP; der + still-going to PPC.

Past — kal, us waqt chal raha, usse pehle

Past simple

Khatam, time pata: yesterday, last week, in 2019, ago, when I was a child. I saw him yesterday. Irregular V2 rato: go-went, see-saw, write-wrote, take-took, come-came, do-did, have-had, be-was/were.

Past continuous

Doosri past event ne kaat diya, ya background. When I reached, she was cooking. While + continuous. At 5 p.m. yesterday I was reading.

Past perfect

Do past mein pehle wala. When I reached, the train had left. (pahle chhoot gayi, phir main aaya). After / before / by the time / already (past pe). Agar sequence clear first-then se hai to paper kabhi dono past simple bhi maanta; jab pehle-baad ka farq hi sawal ho to had + V3.

Past perfect continuous

Past ke ek point se pehle kitni der chal raha tha. He had been waiting for an hour when the bus came.

Example

Reached vs had left — kaun pehle?

Solution

  1. Line

    Train pehle gayi. Main baad mein platform pe. Pehle = past perfect. Baad = past simple.

  2. Ulta

    When I reached, she was cooking — cooking us waqt chal rahi, khatam nahi. Continuous, perfect nahi.

Answerhad left (earlier) · was cooking (in progress)

Future — will, going to, timetable, arrangement

FormKabExample
will + V1Faisla abhi, offer, promise, prediction bina planThe phone is ringing. I will take it. I think it will rain.
going to + V1Pehle se irada, ya ab nishani dikheI am going to join college. Look at those clouds — it is going to rain.
Present continuousFixed arrangement, log/time pataI am meeting Ravi at 5.
Present simpleTimetable / official scheduleThe exam begins at 9.
will be + V-ingUs future waqt pe kaam chalegaThis time tomorrow I will be sitting in the paper.
will have + V3Future ke point tak khatamBy 2028 she will have finished the degree. (by then)
will have been + V-ingFuture point tak kitni derBy June he will have been teaching for ten years.

Shall I open the window? — offer/suggestion with I/we. Paper options mein will zyada.

will be + V-ing: future ke us pal pe camera chal raha — this time tomorrow, at 5 tomorrow. I will sit = faisla/prediction. I will be sitting = us waqt scene. going to = pehle ka irada, continuous future nahi.

Signal words — paper ka GPS

ClusterAksar tenseWords
Aadat / factPresent simplealways, usually, every day, never (habit), facts
AbhiPresent continuousnow, at the moment, Look!, Listen!
Ab-tak / experiencePresent perfectalready, yet, just, ever, never, so far, recently, lately, since, for (ab tak)
Der se chal rahaPerfect continuousfor two hours, since morning, How long…?
Khatam pastPast simpleyesterday, last…, ago, in 2015, when I was ten
Us waqt chal rahaPast continuouswhile, as, at 5 p.m. yesterday, when + short past
Pehle wala pastPast perfectalready (past story), by the time, after, before, when (do past)
Kal ke baadFuturetomorrow, next week, in 2030, soon, by 2028 (often future perfect)

never present perfect (life) bhi, present simple (aadat) bhi: I never eat meat vs I have never eaten sushi. Poori line.

Since, for, ago — teen alag ghar

WordKya letaTenseExample
sinceStarting point (2010, Monday, morning, I met her)Perfect familyhave lived here since 2010
forDuration (two years, an hour)Aksar perfect; simple bhi chaltahave lived here for two years · I waited for an hour
agoKitna pehle, khatamPast simpletwo years ago I lived there

Kasauti: since + point. for + length. ago + past simple, has/have ke saath nahi. I have come two years ago galat. I came two years ago / I have been here for two years.

POS: since 2010 = preposition — parts of speech. Yahan tense choose karo, naam nahi.

Present perfect vs past simple — sabse mota jal

Present perfectPast simple
TimeAnishchit / ab takPata, kat chuka
Signalalready, yet, since, everyesterday, ago, last, in 2019
Link ab seHaanNahi, story khatam
ExampleI have lost my key (ab nahi milti)I lost my key yesterday (kal ki baat)

Been vs gone

He has gone to Delhi — wahan hai ya raste mein, yahan nahi. He has been to Delhi — gaya aur wapas, experience. He has been in Delhi since March — wahan rehta hai (in + since).

Stative verbs — -ing aksar nahi

Dimag, feeling, possession, senses ka «state» — present continuous se nahi: know, believe, understand, remember, forget, like, love, hate, prefer, want, need, own, belong, contain, consist, seem, cost, weigh (measure), see/hear (sense), think (raaye).

I am knowing him galat. I know him. I am thinking about the sum (considering — action) chal sakta; I think he is right (opinion) simple.

have: possession I have a bike (simple). Action I am having dinner / a bath (continuous theek).

be: He is tall simple. He is being rude — temporary behaviour, paper kabhi maanta.

Time / condition clause — will andar mat

When, as soon as, before, after, until, if — future baat ho to main clause mein will; andar wali clause present simple (kabhi present perfect).

  • If he comes, we will start. — nahi: If he will come.
  • I will call you when I reach. — nahi: when I will reach.
  • After she has finished, we will go. (pehle finish, phir go)

If + past / would = unreal; yeh conditional ka ghar clauses extra se milta. Yahan itna: real future = if + present, will in main.

Narration mein backshift (said he was) — direct–indirect extra. Yahan sirf: reporting verb past ho to andar ka tense often peeche khisakta — poora table wahan.

used to, would, be used to

FormMatlabExample
used to + V1Purani aadat, ab nahiHe used to smoke. (ab nahi)
would + V1Past habit (action), state kamEvery evening we would sit by the well.
be used to + noun/gerundAadi ho chukaI am used to heat. I am used to getting up early.

I used to go ≠ I am used to going. Pehla = pehle jaata tha. Doosra = aadat pad gayi. Gerund POS pe; yahan tense/habit choose.

Traps — yahi kat'te hain

1. yesterday + has

has gone yesterday galat. Yesterday = past simple.

2. ago + have

Ago past simple. For/since perfect.

3. Did + V2

Did go, did went nahi.

4. Stative + -ing

am knowing / am wanting — kaato.

5. If he will

If-clause present; will bahar.

6. Gerund samajh ke tense chhodna

has been writing identify tense = present perfect continuous. Writing akela subject ho to gerund — POS page.

7. Passive ko tense

is written present simple passive. Paper voice poochhe to voice extra; tense poochhe to present simple (passive).

8. Hindi चुका = hamesha has

Time kata ho to English past simple. Mapping काल pe; yahan signal English ka.

Paper pe paanch kadam

  1. Sawal kya? Fill form, identify name, galat tense tick.
  2. Time kata? yesterday/ago → past simple. since/already/yet → perfect.
  3. Chal raha? now/Look!/when I entered she ___ → continuous. Do past, pehle wala → had + V3.
  4. Stative? Did+V1? If-clause? Automatic -ing/will/V2 mat.
  5. Doosra extra mat. POS, articles, voice, narration, SVA — jab paper wahi likhe.
Galat list. I have seen him yesterday. She is knowing. Did he went. If he will come. I am going to school every day (aadat = go). He has come two years ago. since two years (for two years). been/gone ulta. Writing in has been writing = gerund always.

Q 1–10

Q1

Tense kya naapta hai?

  1. Word ka job (noun/adverb) — POS
  2. Verb ka time + aspect (simple / continuous / perfect…)
  3. a/an/the
  4. Alankar

Solution

  1. Clock + camera

    POS job. Articles yahan. Alankar Hindi.

AnswerB
Q2

She has lived here since 2010. Tense?

  1. Past simple — 2010 dekh ke V2 mat
  2. Present perfect
  3. Present continuous
  4. Future perfect

Solution

  1. has + V3 + since

    Ab tak yahan. Past simple lived in 2010 and left hota.

AnswerB
Q3

I ___ him yesterday. (see)

  1. have seen — yesterday + PP nahi
  2. saw
  3. had seen — doosra past nahi diya
  4. am seeing — stative/now nahi

Solution

  1. Ago-family

    Yesterday = khatam past. V2 saw.

AnswerB
Q4

Look! It ___ raining.

  1. rains — habit/fact
  2. is
  3. has — has raining nahi; has been raining alag
  4. will

Solution

  1. Look!

    Abhi. is raining. Has been raining = der se; Look! aksar abhi-shot.

AnswerB
Q5

Water ___ at 100°C.

  1. is boiling — abhi kettle
  2. boils
  3. has boiled
  4. will boil always as tense name — fact = present simple

Solution

  1. Truth

    Present simple. Kettle abhi: is boiling.

AnswerB
Q6

When I reached the station, the train ___ . (already leave)

  1. left — order kamzor; already + pehle
  2. had left
  3. has left — present nahi, story past
  4. was leaving — chal rahi hoti, already khatam

Solution

  1. Pehle

    Train earlier. had + V3. Reached = later past simple.

AnswerB
Q7

Kaun si line theek?

  1. I am knowing the answer.
  2. I know the answer.
  3. I have know the answer.
  4. I will knowing the answer.

Solution

  1. Stative

    know continuous nahi. have known = PP theek hota alag context; C V3 galat (known).

AnswerB
Q8

He has been writing for two hours. Identify?

  1. Gerund sentence — Swimming is good wala POS
  2. Present perfect continuous
  3. Past perfect
  4. Present simple

Solution

  1. has been + V-ing + for

    PPC. Writing yahan verb-phrase; subject gerund nahi.

AnswerB
Q9

If he ___ , we will start. (come)

  1. will come — if ke andar will nahi
  2. comes
  3. came — unreal alag
  4. had come — past perfect conditional

Solution

  1. Real future

    If + present, will bahar. He/she → comes.

AnswerB
Q10

Did he ___ the letter? (write)

  1. wrote — did + V2 nahi
  2. write
  3. written
  4. writing

Solution

  1. Did + V1

    write. Has he written = PP sawal, yahan did = past simple.

AnswerB

Practice

Ye dus alag kone hain — upar wale dus ki nakal nahi.

12345 678910
P1

Class-X ke 12 tenses ka hisab?

  1. 8 parts of speech
  2. 3 times × 4 aspects (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous)
  3. Hindi ke 3 kaal sirf
  4. a, an, the

Solution

  1. Grid

    A POS. C काल. D articles.

AnswerB
P2

I have known her ___ five years.

  1. since — since + point (2019), length nahi
  2. for
  3. ago — ago past simple
  4. at

Solution

  1. Length

    five years = for. since 2019. ago → I knew her five years ago (alag tense).

AnswerB
P3

He is not here; he ___ to the bank. (experience nahi, ab ghayab)

  1. has been — wapas wala experience
  2. has gone
  3. had go
  4. goes yesterday

Solution

  1. Gayab

    gone = wahan/rasta. been to = jaake wapas.

AnswerB
P4

Clouds kaale hain, barish ki nishani. Best?

  1. It will rain. (sirf guess, nishani kamzor)
  2. It is going to rain.
  3. It rains. (habit)
  4. It rained. (past)

Solution

  1. Evidence

    going to. Will = faisla/prediction bina nishani. Arrangement: we are playing tomorrow.

AnswerB
P5

Purani aadat, ab nahi: smoke

  1. He is used to smoke. (be used to + gerund hota: smoking)
  2. He used to smoke.
  3. He has smoke.
  4. He will used to smoke.

Solution

  1. used to + V1

    am used to smoking = aadi. Alag ghar.

AnswerB
P6

When I entered, she ___ cooking. (that moment, not finished)

  1. had cooked — pehle khatam
  2. was
  3. has been
  4. cooks

Solution

  1. Background

    was cooking. had cooked = khaana nikal chuka. Q6 train had left se alag.

AnswerB
P7

The train ___ at 6 tomorrow. (timetable)

  1. is going to leave — plan-family, official schedule kamzor
  2. leaves
  3. has left
  4. left

Solution

  1. Schedule

    Present simple even for future clock. I am leaving tomorrow = meri arrangement.

AnswerB
P8

The letter is written by Ram. Paper «identify the tense» likhe to?

  1. Yeh sirf voice hai, tense naam nahi hota
  2. Present simple (passive) — time simple present; by Ram voice extra pe
  3. Present perfect
  4. Past continuous

Solution

  1. Dono layer

    is + V3 = present simple passive. Voice page dhancha palatna. Tense poochha to present simple.

AnswerB
P9

Hindi «वह जा चुका है» ko English mein hamesha has gone?

  1. Haan, चुका = has hamesha
  2. Nahi — English signal dekho; kal + time kata to went; ab-tak link ho to has gone — काल mix mat
  3. Yeh sandhi hai
  4. Yeh article a/an hai

Solution

  1. Do bhasha

    Mapping madad, GPS English words. Articles agla extra.

AnswerB
P10

I saw ___ eagle. a ya an — yeh tense ka sawal?

  1. Haan, saw past tense decide karta a/an
  2. Nahi — a/an/the articles; saw sirf V2 hai, article vowel sound pe
  3. Preposition
  4. Interjection

Solution

  1. Fence

    Tense = saw. Article = an eagle. Agla page articles/determiners. Woh tab jab tum bolo.

AnswerB

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